Biology — Quiz

A Is caused by rhinovirus B Results in increased CD4 and T cell memory C Results in inversion at the CD4-CD8 ratio D Increases immature precursors of CD4 and T cells

A Decreased delayed type hypersensitivity reaction B Lymphocytosis C Hypogammaglobulinaemia D Increase CD4 and T cells

A ATP depletion is responsible for acute cellular swelling B Can cause myocardial cells to cease contraction within 60 seconds C. C ATP is generated anaerobically from creatine phosphate D Mitochondrial swelling and degranulation of ER are the hallmarks of irreversible cellular damage

A Is irreversible B Is commonly a change from squamous to columnar epithelium C An example is the transformation of epithelial cells into chondroblasts to produce cartilage D Retinoids may play a role

A It involves physiologic and pathologic stimuli B Histologically, it involves coagulation necrosis C Its DNA breakdown is random and diffuse D Its mechanism involves ATP depletion

A Occurs after partial hepatectomy B Refers to an increase in the size of cells C Is always a pathologic process D Often occurs in cardiac and skeletal muscle

A Causes widespread tissue damage B Occurs with normal calcium levels C Can be caused by systemic sarcoidosis D Occurs in hypothyroidism

A Adenovirus B Herpes virus C Paramyxovirus D Pox virus

A Plasminogen activator B Prostacyclin C von Willebrand factor D Thrombomodulin

A Affects medium arteries B Affects small arteries including vertebral C Affects small arteries including ophthalmic D Has no gastrointestinal manifestations

A Clostridium tetani B Staphylococcus aureus C E. coli D Pseudomonas aerugenosa

A Congenital absence of LDL cholesterol leads to premature atherosclerosis B Thoracic aorta is more likely to be involved than the abdominal C Fatty streaks appear in the aortas of children as young as 1 year D Fatty streaks are destined to become atherosclerotic plaques

A Familial hypercholesterolaemia is associated with inadequate hepatic uptake of LDL B CMV has been detected in human atheromatous plaques C Fibrous atheromatous plaques are capable of regression D Atherosclerosis is associated with medial calcific sclerosis

A Is most commonly Hepatitis C B Is most commonly Hepatitis B C Is rarely transmission of HIV since screening was instituted D Never includes gonorrhoea or malaria

A It is caused by injury to smooth muscle B Its diagnosis depends on the presence of characteristic physical findings C . The final common pathway of injury involves damage to the sarcolemma D Renal failure is due to acute glomerular nephritis

A Inflammatory disease B Bacterial infection C Viral infection D Corticosteroids

A Most common leukaemia B Decreased leukocyte alkaline phosphatase level C Usually occurs in patients less than 40 years old D Increased WBC count with an abnormal differential

A Cardiac muscle fibre stretching B Increased adrenergic receptors on cardiac cells C Chamber hypertrophy D Decreased heart rate

A Neurogenic factors B Hypovolaemia C Myocardial depression factor D All of the above

A 50 rads B 150 rads C 250 rads D 450 rads

A it may be regarded as a normal physiological process B it is characterised by chromatin condensation C it often elicits a strong inflammatory response D. it is the process by which ovaries atrophy in post menopausal women D it is the process by which ovaries atrophy in post menopausal women

A endothelial cell contraction B junctional retraction C direct injury D leukocyte-dependent leakage

A decreased ATP B intracellular release of lysosomal enzymes C decreased Na pump activity D detachment of ribosomes

A C5a is a powerful, chemotactic agent for neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils B C5a increases leukocyte adhesion to endothelium by activating leukocytes C C3a and C5a are called anaphylatoxins because they cause mast cell degranulation D . C3a activates the lipoxygenase pathway in leukocytes

A results from necrosis in which cellular enzymatic digestion predominates over denaturation B is characterised by a marked leukocytic infiltrate C Is uncommon after myocardial infarction D usually occurs after irreversible ischaemic cellular damage

A may sometimes be a component of the acute inflammatory response B. E. B indicates the presence of tuberculosis C is always associated with the presence of giant cells D may result from non-immune mechanisms

A 1% of unwounded skin strength B 10% of unwounded skin strength C 50% of unwounded skin strength D 75% of unwounded skin strength

A bone marrow, thymus, spleen B liver, thymus, spleen C lymph nodes, spleen, thymus D bone marrow, spleen, liver

A constitute less than 5% of blood lymphocytes B require opsonisation to enable their killing of cells C have a prime role in defense against parasites D have an innate ability to lyse tumour cells and virally affected cells

A they constitute 50% of circulating lymphocytes B they are found in germinal centres in the red pulp of the spleen C they are genetically programmed to recognise specific antigens by means of antigen specific cell surface receptors D they release chemical mediators when attached to IgE Type I hypersensitivity reactions

A Type IV hypersensitivity only B Type IV and III hypersensitivity only C Type IV, III and II hypersensitivity only D Type IV and II hypersensitivity only

A hypergammaglobulinaemia B inversion of CD4-CD8 ratio C decreased delayed hypersensitivity reactions D decreased monocyte HLA class II expression

A increase in the CD4+ lymphocyte numbers B appearance of anti-HIV antibodies C Type III hypersensitivity reaction D development of CD8+ virus specific cytotoxic cells

A they can produce TNF and IL4 both of which cause fever B they have direct tissue toxicity due to the ability to release hydrogen peroxide C they have oxygen dependent microbicidal activity D they have cytotoxicity against tumour cells

A the majority of cases of acute Hepatitis B infection result in a carrier state, without clinical evidence of disease B anti HB s appears in the first week of infection C anti HCV IgG does not confer immunity to Hepatitis C D the major cause of death from Hepatitis B is hepatocellular carcinoma

A SLE B drug hypersensitivity C trauma D post myocardial infarction

A Cushing’s syndrome B syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion C hypocalcaemia D carcinoid syndrome

A carditis B subcutaneous nodules C erythema nodosum D elevated antistreptolysin

A IL6 B PAF C catecholamines D TNF antibodies

A respiratory epithelium of cigarette smokers B vitamin A excess C Barrett’s oesophagitis D epithelium of a pancreatic duct containing stones

A junction of anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries B junction of middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries C bifurcation of the basilar artery D the middle cerebral artery

A adeno B herpes C parvo D pox

A cause centrally located pulmonary haemorrhage B cause pulmonary infarction C cause acute right heart failure D are clinically silent

A may be caused by Helminth infection B causes hypercalcaemia C develops in 50% of patients with gallstones D leads to inhibition of elastase

A ectopic ADH secretion B migratory thrombophlebitis C Eaton-Lambert (myasthenic) syndrome D thrombocytosis

A chondrosarcoma B osteochondroma C chondroblastoma D Ewing’s tumour

A chondrosarcoma B osteochondroma C chondroblastoma D Ewing’s tumour

A segmental lesions B serosal involvement C fissures penetrating deep into the wall of affected mucosa D inflammatory pseudo-polyps

A breast B ovary C thyroid D kidney

A it usually results from an embolic event B it usually contains multiple petechial haemorrhages which may be confluent C the haemorrhages are presumed to be secondary to reperfusion injury D the haemorrhages are presumed to be secondary to reperfusion injury

A The histological appearance of contraction brands in association with acute myocardialinfarction indicate B early aneurysmal formation C compensatory responses to decreased myocardial contractility D a right ventricular infarct

A the ischaemia is most pronounced in the epicardial region B loss of contractility only occurs when ultra structural changes in the myocyte are present C reperfusion of the ischaemic area can result in new cellular damage, due to the generation of oxygen free radicals D None of the above

A it tends to occur in 40-60 year old men B approximately 90% of non-traumatic cases occur in patients with antecedent hypertension C it is usually associated with marked dilatation of the aorta D it is unusual in the presence of substantial atherosclerosis

A common carotid artery B internal carotid artery C the heart D either end of basilar artery

A Squamous cell papilloma B Hydatidiform mole C Chondroma D Mature teratoma

A pleomorphism B Abundant nuclear DNA C A nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of 1:6 D Coarsely clumped chromatin

A Chronic gastritis of pernicious anaemia B Solar keratosis C Crohn’s disease D Leukoplakia

A Platelet activating factor B Von Willebrand factor C Nitric oxide D Tissue factor

A there is contraction of endothelial cells B there is a mononuclear infiltrate C there is induction of adhesion molecules on endothelium D there is production of arachidonic acid metabolites

A redistribution of preformed adhesion molecules to the cell surface of leukocytes B adhesion and transmigration of leukocytes to endothelium C leukocyte activation D margination of macrophages to vessel walls

A smoking B atrial fibrillation C oral contraceptives D prolonged bed rest

A has a female : male gender ratio of 2:1 B is characterised by antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) C rarely involves the kidney D is associated with a seronegative arthropathy causing marked joint erosion

A Rotavirus B E.coli C Shigella D Salmonella

A a normal haematocrit B increased serum ferritin C normal mean red cell volume D None of the above

A right atrial pressure drops B maximum cardiac output is unchanged C resting cardiac output is unchanged D renin level eventually drops below premorbid level

A in the acute form, is most commonly caused by streptococci B involves abnormal valves in most acute cases C is confirmed by positive blood cultures in less than 50% of cases D may cause splenic infarction

A congenital heart disease B mitral stenosis C left ventricular failure D primary pulmonary hypertension

A it occurs most commonly in the antrum of the stomach B it has a strong genetic influence C there is H. pylori infection of the mucosa in 50% of patients with duodenal ulceration D it is more frequent in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A Inversion of the CD4-CD8 ratio B Increase in the number of memory T cells C Hypogammaglobulinaemia and decreased circulating immune complexes D Decreased secretion of TNF and IL-1

A In anaphylaxis, IgE is bound to mast cells by their Fab portions to release vasoactive amines B Goodpasture’s syndrome is an example of type III hypersensitivity reaction C Farmer’s lung is a type III reaction to micropolyspora species D Delayed hypersensitivity is mediated by macrophages

A In preschool children, it usually presents with the so-called “classic” signs and symptoms B It is associated with appendiceal obstruction in 10% of cases C Histologically, it shows neutrophilic infiltration of the muscularis layer D The clinical diagnosis is falsely positive in about 50% of cases

A Produces pneumocystis pneumonia in normal persons B Causes a Ghon’s focus in the lung C Causes patchy atelectasis D Is a fungus

A Endotoxin is the only cause B Marked vasoconstriction occurs in the non-infected tissue C Cardiac output is low in 75% of patients D Endotoxin entering the circulation causes an effect very similar to anaphylaxis

A Is associated with increased serum amylase concentration without elevation in serum lipase concentration B Occurs most often in later life C Occurs in about 5% of patients with gallstones D When associated with alcohol is not usually preceded by chronic pancreatitis

A Proteinuria B Haematuria C Hypertension D Hyaline casts

A Physiologic jaundice of the newborn B Breast milk jaundice C Gilbert’s syndrome D Biliary atresia

A ELAM-1 is a selectin found on endothelium B E and P-selectins bind to oligosaccharides found on neutrophils and monocytes C L-selectin is found on neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes D ICAM-1 belongs to the immunoglobulin family of molecules, and is found on leukocytes

A CD8 T cells and B cells B Tµ2 T cells and B cells C Tµ1 T cells and B cells D Natural Killer cells and B cells

A Von Willebrands factor B IL-1 C Alpha 2 macroglobulin D TNF